Abstract Art

Abstract art nonrepresentational art. Ornamental art without figurative representation occurs in most cultures. The modern abstract movement in sculpture and painting emerged in Europe and North America between 1910 and 1920. Two approaches produce different abstract styles:
images that have been 'abstracted' from nature to the pointwhere they no longer reflect a conventional reality, andnonobjective, or 'pure', art forms, without any reference to reality.
Abstract art began in the avant-garde movements of the late 19th century - Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, and Post-Impressionism. These styles of painting reduced the importance of the original subject matter and began to emphasize the creative process of painting itself. In the first decade of the 20th century, some painters in Europe began to abandon the established Western conventions of imitating nature and of storytelling and developed a new artistic form and expression.
Wassily Kandinsky is generally regarded as the first abstract artist. From 1910 to 1914 he worked on two series, Improvisations and Compositions, in which he moved gradually towards total abstraction. His highly coloured canvases influenced many younger European artists.
In France around 1907, the Cubists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque also developed a semi-abstract style; their pictures, some partly collage, were composed mainly of fragmented natural images. By 1912 Robert Delaunay had pushed Cubism to complete abstraction. Many variations of abstract art developed in Europe and Russia, as shown in the work of Piet Mondrian, Kasimir Malevich, the Futurists, the Vorticists, and the Dadaists.
Sculptors were inspired by the new freedom in form and content, and Constantin Brancusi's versions of The Kiss 1907-12 are among the earliest semi-abstract sculptures. Cubist-inspired sculptors such as Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918) and Jacques Lipchitz moved further towards abstraction, as did the Dadaist Hans Arp.

Two exhibitions of European art, one in New York 1913 (the Armory Show), the other in San Francisco 1917, opened the way for abstraction in US art. Many painters, including the young Georgia O'Keeffe, experimented with new styles. Morgan Russell (1886-1953) and Stanton Macdonald-Wright (1890-1973) invented their own abstract style, Synchronism, a rival to Orphism, a similar style developed in France by Delaunay - both emphasized colour over form.

Abstract art has dominated Western art from 1920 and has continued to produce many variations. In the 1940s it gained renewed vigour in the works of the Abstract Expressionists. In the 1960s Minimal art provoked outraged reactions from critics and the general public alike.

text is taken from:
The Hutchinson; Dictionary Of The Arts;
Movements, Terms, People: from Ancient Art to World Music.
© Helicon Publishing Ltd 1994. ISBN 1-85986-047-8 (paper).